Apr 20, 2024  
2014-15 Academic Catalog 
    
2014-15 Academic Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Courses


 

Fire Protection/Science

  
  • FIRE-420 - Fire Causes and Detection

    3 credits
    This course concerns the history development and philosophy of fire investigation and detection. Including inspection techniques, gathering evidence and development of technical reports, fundamentals of arson investigation, processing of criminal evidence and criminal procedures related to various state and local statutes.

    Prerequisite(s): FIRE-125 ;

  
  • FIRE-430 - Advanced Protection Systems

    3 credits
    This course is a continuation of FIRE-330  and it is presented for those people interested in advanced fire control systems. Sprinkler systems will be given a great amount of attention in this course.

    Prerequisite(s): FIRE-330 


French

  
  • FRE-101 - Elementary French 1

    3 credits
    This is an introductory course for students with little or no previous background in French. Students are introduced to the French alphabet, diacritical marks, and phonics system. Basic grammar, vocabulary building, reading comprehension, and writing are also introduced. Basic listening comprehension skills and conversational skills are developed. The class is conducted in French as much as possible.

    Prerequisite(s): Placement at ENG-101  or its equivalent or permission of instructor.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: FREN-124
  
  • FRE-102 - Elementary French 2

    3 credits
    This course is a continuation of FRE-101 . Students build on grammar skills i.e. present, past, and future tenses of verbs, expand vocabulary, reading comprehension and writing paragraphs and short compositions. Short stories and poetry are covered in class. Students expand their listening and speaking skills. The class in conducted mostly in French.

    Prerequisite(s): FRE-101 

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: FREN-224
  
  • FRE-201 - Intermediate French 1

    3 credits
    This course is designed to maintain and improve French language skills for those with a basic knowledge of the language. Students will continue to progress in grammar, pronunciation, speaking, reading, and writing skills. Students will also continue to study the culture and customs of people in Francophone countries. The class is conducted mostly in French.

    Prerequisite(s): FRE-102  (grade of C or higher), two years of high school French or permission of instructor.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: FREN-324
  
  • FRE-202 - Intermediate French 2

    3 credits
    This course is a continuation of FRN-201. Emphasis is placed on oral and written expression of the language. A variety of modern reading selections representing writers from Francophone regions worldwide will be assigned and discussed in class during the semester. Review of grammar from previous semesters and introduction to some new grammar are presented. Classes are conducted in French.

    Prerequisite(s): FRE-201 

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: FREN-424

Graphic Arts Technology

  
  • GRPH-122 - Digital Workflow

    3 credits
    This lecture and lab course presents the various techniques, both traditional and electronic, of prepress preparation for printing. The lecture portion of the course will cover the specific requirements of image reproduction, including an overview of equipment materials, software, and technique. The process of laying out a print job in the most efficient and economical configuration will be emphasized. In the lab portion, students will be introduced to traditional pre-press techniques, including contacting, camera work, and film image assembly. Precision, calibration, and quality evaluation will be stressed.

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-122L

  
  • GRPH-125 - Typography and Layout

    3 credits
    This course is a three-credit lecture and laboratory course designed to introduce the student to the basic elements of type design and page layout. The lectures cover the history, terminology, specification, and aesthetics of type both as text and design elements. The fundamentals of page layout will be covered as a focus on the effective visual presentation of type and images. In the laboratory, the student will produce a variety of typographic and page layout projects using current, professional page layout software. These projects will require the student to design effective visual solutions to communication problems, moving from concept development through the production of the completed design. An emphasis on clean functional design will be stressed.

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-125L

  
  • GRPH-131 - Printing Technology

    3 credits
    This basic course is designed to introduce students to the printing industry. The story of printing is told chronologically through a series of lectures that cover the first attempts at communication, through the development of mass communication systems, to a vision of what the world of printing might be like in the future. Assignments are designed to challenge the student’s understanding of the purpose of mass communications through various printing processes in today’s society.

  
  • GRPH-145 - Introduction to Graphic Art Computer

    3 credits
    This lecture and laboratory course will introduce students to the graphic computer, particularly the Macintosh. Students will learn basic computer functions used in all graphic arts applications, such as mouse skills, reading and selecting from the menus, graphic user interface, disk and filing operations, and printing files. Students will become familiar with today’s popular graphics software, such as word processing, desktop publishing, drawing and painting, and photo manipulation. The class will receive individualized instruction in the laboratory groups.

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-145L

  
  • GRPH-170 - Introduction to Digital Photography

    3 credits
    This course is designed as an introduction in the use of a “point- and -shoot” digital camera as well as the more advanced single lens reflex models The course is designed for those who are too intimidated to read the owners manual and would like to have the features and procedures associated with their camera explained and demonstrated. This course will also benefit those who have yet to decide what type of digital camera to purchase or to upgrade to a more advanced model. In addition to lectures and demonstrations, students will have hands-on experience using supplied digital cameras and computer work stations that will show them how to record, store, e-mail and reproduce their digital images. While there are no prerequisites for this course, a basic understanding of computer use would be helpful.

  
  • GRPH-180 - Professional Digital Photography

    3 credits
    This course is an introduction to photographic processes that use computer based technologies. The student will learn the basics of image capture with both conventional and digital cameras. From there they will explore the world of digital image processing; including the electronic scanning of both reflective and transparent materials, the using of the Adobe Photoshop software to prepare and modify the images, and the outputting of black & white and color prints.

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-180L

  
  • GRPH-181 - Digital Photography/Studio Module

    1 credits
    Digital Photography Studio Module is an introductory digital photography course instructing students on the safe and proper operation of the department’s digital cameras, studio lighting equipment, and printers. There will be many hands-on, on-site demonstrations that will give students experience that will prepare them for higher level digital photography courses.

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-180 

  
  • GRPH-200 - Introduction to Web Design

    3 credits
    This lecture and laboratory course is designed to introduce the concepts of the world wide website design and development. Students will learn the basics of HTML programming to create a home page that incorporates graphic, textural, and aesthetic perspectives. Each student will design a home page as part of the course. The present and future status of the world wide web will be discussed. Basic computer skills are required.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-145 

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-200

  
  • GRPH-201 - Interactive Media Design for the Internet

    3 credits
    This course is a continuation of GRPH-200  and will introduce the student to interactive multimedia techniques for the Internet. Using a wide range of software for media design and Rich Media creation (audio and animation-enhanced interactivity) the student will learn to produce dynamic interactive web pages. The course will focus primarily on the use of Flash and Dreamweaver software programs. Included are such topics as advanced compression technologies, including video and audio compression; non-linear narrative; navigational interface design; and delivery for the world wide web.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-200 ;

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-201L

  
  • GRPH-270 - Advanced Digital Photography

    3 credits
    This course is primarily designed around the operation and use of single lens reflex digital cameras, (SLRs). Students will be shown how to use the many attributes associated with a SLR digital camera. The course will also involve the application of digital imaging processing and manipulation using programs such as Photoshop. Students should have access to a SLR camera and have a basic knowledge of Photoshop or Photoshop Elements.

  
  • GRPH-280 - Advanced Prof. Digital Photography

    3 credits
    This course is a continuation of the GRPH-180  Digital Photography course that uses computer- based technologies to record and output photographic images. The student will learn advanced techniques in image capture with digital cameras. The students will continue to explore the world of digital image processing using the Adobe Photoshop software to prepare and modify images. Projects will include studio portraits, product photographs, macro-photographs, black and white conversion and color printing – with the emphasis on quality output.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-180 ;

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-280L

  
  • GRPH-281 - Advertising Photography

    3 credits
    Advertising Photography is an advanced digital photography course requiring students to produce images that command the viewer’s attention. The students will develop strong artistic and technical visual problem solving abilities, primarily in a studio environment. Product photography, fashion photography and food photography will be emphasized. Additional emphasis will be on client communication, professional business practices, and publication design. The students will produce an advertising publication using their own photographic and graphic design skills. Critiques are held to provide the students feedback for their work.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-280 ;

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-281L

  
  • GRPH-282 - Professional Digital Imaging Techniques

    3 credits
    Professional Digital Imaging Techniques is an advanced digital imaging course focusing on digital image manipulation using the Adobe Photoshop program. This course will teach students how to professionally modify their digital images to address specific imaging problems, including distortion and perspective correction and control, processing of RAW digital images, advanced defringing and retouching techniques, advanced image compositing and stitching techniques, high quality inkjet color and grayscale printing techniques, as well as other topics. Students will be given a series of projects that will incorporate the learned techniques.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-462  or permission of instructor

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-282L

  
  • GRPH-283 - Photographic Illustration

    3 credits
    Photographic Illustration is an advanced digital photography course allowing students to express themselves through photography. The student will develop strong artistic and advanced digital image compositing skills. Fine art photography, still life photography, and photojournalism will be emphasized. Students will become skilled at electronic set building, and location photography. They will produce a series of projects, including some that will be self-directed. Additionally, students will be encouraged to study and create innovative photographic techniques. Critiques are held to provide the students feedback for their work.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-280  or permission of instructor

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-283L

  
  • GRPH-360 - Offset Presswork

    3 credits
    This course will familiarize the student with the theory and operation of the offset lithographic printing press. The technical components of these presses will be detailed emphasizing the advantages and limitations of the process, enabling the student to maximize and enhance his or her design capabilities. Printing substrates will be presented in detail along with color matching systems. Laboratory exercises will familiarize the student with the operation of small offset duplicators and larger offset presses.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-131 ;

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-360L

  
  • GRPH-361 - Digital Presswork

    3 credits
    This course will familiarize the student with the theory and operation of a digital image press. The technical components of the press will be detailed emphasizing the advantages and limitations of this process, enabling the student to maximize and enhance their design capabilities. The topics of printing substrates, toner, device calibration and finishing operations and color management will be presented in detail. Laboratory exercises will familiarize the student with operation of a digital press, and provide tern with printed samples for their portfolios. Screen printing and traditional offset lithographic presswork techniques will also be covered.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-131 ;

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-361L

  
  • GRPH-420 - Color Reproduction Processes

    3 credits
    This course is a three-credit lecture and laboratory course devoted exclusively to the reproduction of color images. The course will begin by exploring some of the many of the fascinating aspects of color, including the nature of light and color perception. From there, the course will delve into the world of color measurement and specification, including a look at various color spaces such as the Munsell and CIELAB. Topics also covered will include color printing characteristics, color standardization, hi-fi color, color proofing, and color management. The laboratories will be a combination of demonstrations and hands-on experiences including colorimetry, color evaluation, color scanning, image- setting, and proofing. The aim of this course is to develop the skills required of graphic arts professionals to make critical and accurate color judgments.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-462 ;

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-420L

  
  • GRPH-422 - Color Management

    3 credits
    In GRPH-422 Color Management the student will learn the basic techniques for setting up and evaluating the quality of a prepress system. The calibration of a closed feedback loop will be the heart of the course with special emphasis on color management techniques. The course will use CIE based color models as the foundation for color specification and tolerancing. Students will learn techniques for ensuring that the final printed output of printed materials is predictable and match the requirements of the job. Also covered will be such topics as dot shape, screen frequency, screen angles, moire’ output resolution, and stochastic imaging.

    Prerequisite(s): Take GRPH-420  or permission of instructor;

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-422L

  
  • GRPH-445 - Graphic Arts Portfolio Workshop

    3 credits
    This course is a portfolio workshop in which students utilize the advanced technical skills that they acquired in previous Graphic Arts Technology Program courses. The students will be introduced to various graphic arts and multi-media software programs. The course will emphasize the development of subject matter, design techniques, and execution of audio-visual elements. Along with a resume detailing their technical and creative skills, the students will be required to produce several complex and involved projects. The primary focus of the course will be to develop a multi-media portfolio, which demonstrates the students proficiency in various software applications. This portfolio can be used for future academic or profession employment presentations.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-462  and GRPH-463 ;

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-445L

  
  • GRPH-455 - Macintosh Operating Systems

    3 credits
    Since the Apple Macintosh computer has become a staple “tool” for electronic prepress, learning proper operating procedures and maintenance is essential for all Graphic Arts Technology students. This hands-on lecture course explores system software basics through custom configuration, including disk and hard disk management, menus and hierarchies, System Folder and Finder, microprocessors and memory, loading and updating software, font storage, file formats, multitasking, third party utilities and extension conflicts, interfacing and inter-application communication, emulation, file sharing and networking, connecting peripherals, troubleshooting, and compatibility of popular software and hardware used in today’s printing industry.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-125 , GRPH-145  or permission of instructor

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-455L

  
  • GRPH-461 - Electronic Publication-Quark Xpress

    3 credits
    This lecture and laboratory course covers the computer preparation of graphic elements for publication. In the lecture part of the course the topics of publication planning and organization, imaging requirements, color, and applications software will be discussed. An emphasis will be placed on how the finished job will look. The laboratory part of the course will be made up of a series of progressively more complex exercises designed to develop the student’s skills on specific page layout software such as QuarkXPress. Each student will design and produce a series of projects for this course.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-125 ;

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-461L

  
  • GRPH-462 - Digital Imaging-Photoshop

    3 credits
    This lecture and laboratory course covers the computer preparation of visual images for publication. The lecture part of the course will deal with such topics as scanning, image manipulation, and output requirements. A focus will be on the aesthetics of visual images. The laboratory part of the course will deal with the development of advanced skills using digital imaging programs such as Adobe Photoshop. Each student will produce a series of projects for this course to demonstrate his or her proficiency in digital image preparation.

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-462L

  
  • GRPH-463 - Digital Illustration Techniques

    3 credits
    This lecture and laboratory course covers the rendering of images for illustration. Students will learn the techniques of drawing with a computer. In the lecture part of the course the topics discussed will include visual composition, form, space, perspective, color and a bit of modern art history, as well as Postscript and EPS format. The laboratory portion of the course will focus on exercises and projects using the Adobe Illustrator vector-based drawing program and the Adobe Acrobat PDF program.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-145 ;

    Corequisite(s): GRPH-463L

  
  • GRPH-900 - Directed Study - Graphic Arts

    3 credits
    Projects for advanced individual study by special arrangement with the instructor and approval of the Department and School Chairpersons. Students are expected to demonstrate willingness and ability to work on their own with minimal assistance.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-122  GRPH-125  GRPH-131  GRPH-145  GRPH-462 

  
  • GRPH-901 - Directed Study - Graphic Arts

    2 credits
    Projects for advanced individual study by special arrangement with the instructor and approval of the Department and School Chairpersons. Students are expected to demonstrate willingness and ability to work on their own with minimal assistance.

    Prerequisite(s): GRPH-122  GRPH-125  GRPH-131  GRPH-145  GRPH-462 

  
  • GRPH-902 - Directed Study - Graphic Arts

    3 credits
    Projects for advanced individual study by special arrangement with the instructor and approval of the Department and School Chairpersons. Students are expected to demonstrate willingness and ability to work on their own with minimal assistance.


Health and Fitness

  
  • ATHL-101 - Rape Aggression Defense for Women

    2 credits
    The RAD course is specifically designed to empower women to take charge of their own survival. This course is a combination of discussion, instruction and physical activity to educate women in prevention and awareness strategies and self-defense techniques to avoid rape and physical assault. The women will learn the proper use of pepper mace and take part in an optional simulated live attack. RAD is taught in a safe, secure environment with sensitivity to the needs, values, and well-being of women.

  
  • ATHL-103 - RAD Domestic Violence Options

    1 credits
    The RAD course is specifically designed to empower women to take charge of their own survival. This course will concentrate on domestic situations and combines discussion, instruction, and physical activity to educate women in prevention strategies and self-defense techniques to avoid rape and physical assault. The participants will take part in an optional simulated live attack. RAD is taught in a safe, secure environment with sensitivity to the needs, values and well-being of women.

  
  • ATHL-104 - RAD-Aerosol & Keychain Options

    1 credits
    The RAD course is specifically designed to empower women to take charge of their own survival by utilizing aerosol and keychains as defense techniques. A combination of discussion, instruction, and hands on activities will be used to educate women in prevention and awareness strategies and self-defense techniques to avoid rape and physical assault. This course concentrates on the utilization of aerosol options, such as pepper mace and keychains as tools to avoid attack. Women will learn the proper use of pepper mace and take part in an optional simulated live attack. RAD is taught in a safe, secure environment with sensitivity to the needs, values and well-being of women.

  
  • ATHL-150 - Yoga for Health

    1 credits
    This course will provide an introduction to Yoga and meditation techniques for beginners. Students will be introduced to the history and philosophy of yoga, elementary yoga asanas, breathing techniques, meditation, creative visualization as a tool for stress reduction, and develop a 45 minute beginner yoga routine.

  
  • ATHL-151 - Yoga for Health 2

    1 credits
    A continuation of ATHL-150 . This course will provide an introduction to Yoga and meditation techniques for beginners. Students will be introduced to the history and philosophy of yoga, elementary yoga asanas, breathing techniques, meditation, creative visualization as a tool for stress reduction, and develop a 45 minute beginner yoga routine.

    Prerequisite(s): ATHL-150 


History

  
  • HIS-100 - Survey of Early Western Civilization

    3 credits
    Origin and development of western civilization from the Stone Age through the classical civilization of the ancient world. The contributions of each major historical group through the emergence of modern Europe will be explored with emphasis on the social, economic and political trends of each period.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-100
  
  • HIS-101 - Survey of Modern Western Civilization

    3 credits
    Modern Western Civilization from the end of the Middle Ages to the present. Begins with 14th Century Europe and discusses the beginnings of modern science; the Enlightenment and the political revolutions in England, America and
    France; the industrial and intellectual revolutions of the Nineteenth Century; the World Wars of the Twentieth Century and developments which follow in the post-war period.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-200
  
  • HIS-103 - History of Civilization to 1650

    3 credits
    This course follows the development of China, Japan, India, Africa, Eastern Europe, and South America from the Stone Age to 1650. It will examine scientific, economic, social, and cultural trends, with particular emphasis on the influence of religion and philosophy that is not based on the Judeao-Christian ethic.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-300
  
  • HIS-110 - Survey of U.S. History and Government

    3 credits
    History of the United States from the Colonial period to the end of the Civil War and Reconstruction. A topical approach is followed within a chronological framework centering on the colonial origins of American society, its separation from England, the subsequent process of nation building, framing of the Constitution, formation and structure of the United States government, and the development of the Civil War during the Ante-Bellum period.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-110
  
  • HIS-111 - Survey of Modern U.S. History

    3 credits
    History of the United States from the end of the Reconstruction period to the present. Consideration will be given to the impact of the Industrial Revolution on Late Nineteenth Century America and the influence of war and reform on the nation during the Twentieth Century. A social cultural and new political approach will be utilized.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-210
  
  • HIS-112 - American Civil War Era

    3 credits
    By examining the events that led up to the war and the significance of its battles, students will learn about the social and cultural context/events of the war. Through these examinations, students will develop critical thinking skills as applied to the historical framework of the American Civil War and its legacy.

    Prerequisite(s): ENG-101 

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-325
  
  • HIS-113 - American Pluralism: The CT River Valley As Classroom

    3 credits
    Through a comparative and multidisciplinary approach, this course will examine the idea of cultural diversity in the United States by focusing on immigration and ethnic groups in the Connecticut River Valley of Western Massachusetts. By studying the experiences of ethnic communities in the Valley – their arrivals, their interactions with other groups and their responses to social, economic and political changes in the U.S. – we will try to come to terms with the concepts of multiculturalism, diversity, tolerance and identity. We have all heard that the U.S. is “a nation of immigrants”, a “melting pot” or a “tossed salad,” but what do these terms tell us about the social economic and political characteristics of the United States? How do the history of immigration and relations between ethnic groups in the Connecticut River Valley illustrate cultural change and the evolution of “American” national identity?

    Prerequisite(s): ENG-101 

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-160
  
  • HIS-115 - Intro to African-American History: Colonial-1865

    3 credits
    The purpose of the course is to introduce the student to the history of the African-American in the United States. Beginning with an exploration of the African heritage, the course will explore the social, economic and political role of Afro- Americans from the colonial period through 1865. The course will also examine the development of black culture in the United States, the diversity of this culture, and its contribution to American culture in general.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-322
  
  • HIS-116 - Intro to African-American History: 1865-Present

    3 credits
    The purpose of this course is to introduce the student to the history of the Afro-American in the United States. Beginning with an exploration of the African heritage, the course will explore the social, economic, and political role of Afro- Americans from 1865 through the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. The course will also examine the development of black culture in the United States, the diversity of this culture, and its contribution to American culture in general.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-323
  
  • HIS-120 - Survey of the History of War

    3 credits
    The nature and development of war, as it has been fought, from prehistory to the present will be examined. The effect that battles, strategies, tactics, theories, technologies and personalities have on war will be explored. The American way of war will be of special interest. Emphasis will be placed on how war has shaped history and the lessons learned.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-140
  
  • HIS-121 - History of Witchcraft and Superstition

    3 credits
    This course covers the history and variety of human beliefs that stem from: witchcraft (ancient, modern and non-western), werewolves, vampires, golems, Dr. Frankenstein, ghosts, demons, UFOs the Loch Ness Monster, Big Foot zombies. Other related topics of interest to the class will also be studied. The meaning and history of supernatural and superstition will be investigated.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-142
  
  • HIS-122 - History of Witchcraft/Superstition II

    3 credits
    This course is a continuing exploration of the a stemming from traditional witchcraft beliefs and practices, and offers new mix of topics to study: Fortean Theory, The Mystery of Cats, The Evil Eye, Friday the Thirteenth, The Ouiji Board, Popular Religious Beliefs, Mediumship, Ghosts, Time Travel, Godzilla, Nostradamus, The Mummy, Astrology, The Bermuda Triangle and the Meaning of Myth.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-242
  
  • HIS-125 - The Holocaust

    3 credits
    The Holocaust will focus upon the Perpetrators, Beneficiaries, Bystanders, and the Victims of the Nazi genocidal effort against Europe’s Jewish population and others that Hitler regarded as a threat to his biocratic vision. The unique role of Adolf Hitler and the assorted professors and professionals who made such mass murder possible will be explored in detail. In addition, the increasing understanding of the tremendous support Hitler enjoyed among women in particular, and the German population in general, will be thoroughly examined and considered. Special attention will be devoted to the reaction of the United States, Great Britain and other European countries to the growing evidence of the widespread nature of Hitler’s Final Solution as World War II raged on. Students will be asked to evaluate whether or not they believe widespread collaboration with the Nazis took place. Moreover, students will be asked to compare this tragic event with other genocidal events and mentalities. Lastly, students will be made aware of the heroic efforts of Raphael Lemkin in defining, preventing, and punishing acts of genocide.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-170
  
  • HIS-130 - Women in History

    3 credits
    This course will trace the history of women in America. It will focus on their economic, political and social roles as America moved from being an agrarian society to an industrial one. The course will also examine the historical role of women after World War I and the influence of the civil rights movement on the late 20th century women’s movement. Primary sources will be used in this course.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HIST-425
  
  • HIS-270 - Honors Independent Study

    3 credits
    Projects for advanced individual study by special arrangement with the instructor and approval of the Department and School Chairpersons. Students are expected to demonstrate willingness and ability to work on their own with minimal assistance

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.


Health Information Technology

  
  • HIIT-142 - Healthcare Informatics

    3 credits
    This course will apply information system policies and procedures required by national health initiatives, and current laws and licensure related to health information initiatives. The application of policies and procedures of network usage, electronic health records (EHR), personal health records (PHR), public health and other administrative components are addressed. The relationship of HIPAA to IT will also be covered in this course. This course provides knowledge of how the evolution of computers has impacted the health care field with focus on electronic processing methods in the Health Information Management department.


    Prerequisite(s):  

  
  • HIIT-143 - Directed Clinical Practice 1

    3 credits
    This course will allow students to perform beginner functions of a health information management (HIM) department. Students will work in an actual work environment in a traditional setting. Activities will include application of all HIIT coursework. The student will also learn professional skills to prepare them for employment in the HIM career field. Directed Clinical Practice 1 is a competency based learning experience in acute, ambulatory or long-term care facilities. Students demonstrate knowledge and skills in record content, abstracting, electronic medical record, filing, analyzing and other functions.


    Corequisite(s):  ,  , MEDC-140  and HIIT-142  with a minimum grade of C.

  
  • HIIT-240 - Strategic Health Information Technology

    3 credits
    This course will build on the introductory HIM course and cover the strategic elements of the health information management field and career. Topics will include healthcare data, ethical and legal issues in health information, electronic health record systems, information systems and project management, healthcare data management and statistics, performance and quality management and performance improvement. A grade of C or better is required.

    Prerequisite(s): MEDC-140 , minimum grade of C.

  
  • HIIT-243 - Directed Clinical Practice 2

    3 credits
    This course will allow students to perform advanced functions of a health information management (HIM) department. Students will work in an actual work environment in a traditional setting. Activities will include application of all HIT coursework. The student will also learn professional skills to prepare them for employment in the HIM career field. Directed Clinical Practice 2 is a competency based learning experience in acute, ambulatory or long-term care facilities. Students demonstrate knowledge and skills in legal aspects of health information processing, coding and classification systems, Tumor Registry, integration and use of computer technology in the Health Information Department, and application of principles of management and supervision. 

    Prerequisite(s):    or MEDC 122  ,  ,  , minimum grade of C.

  
  • HIIT-244 - Law & Ethics in Healthcare

    3 credits
    This course analyzes the legal and ethical concepts in health information management. This course focuses on the study of legal and ethical principles applicable to health information, patient care and health records. Topics include: the study of law in general and the working of the American legal system, courts and legal procedures, principles of liability, ethical standards and decision making and challenges from an ethical perspective, patient record requirements, access to health information, confidentiality and informed consent, the judicial process of health information, specialized patient records, risk management and quality assurance, HIV information, and the electronic health record. Restricted to HIIM.AS students. Minimum grade of C is required to pass course.

  
  • HIIT-245 - RHIT Exam Prep Course

    1 credits
    This course will prepare the student to write to AHIMA national RHIT examination by strengthening key competencies learned in MEDC and HIIT courses. The course will cover many sample exam questions as well as practice exams. PREREQUISITE: Completion of all HIIT and MEDC courses with a “C” or better.

    Prerequisite(s): Completion of all HIIT and MEDC courses with a “C” or better.


Honors Colloquium

  
  • HNR-200 - Philosophy of Science Colloquium

    3 credits
    The science colloquium will focus on historical trends in science, great thinkers in the world of science, and science and technology in the modern age. Supplementary sources such as the Ascent of Man, Connections, Carl Sagan and Nova may be used. An integral component of this colloquium will be logic, critical thinking, analytical thinking and data collection and analysis. Students will be encouraged to become involved in their own original research projects.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: HONR-502
  
  • HNR-201 - History of Information Colloquium

    3 credits
    Honors students will explore the history of information, from the appearance of the first written record over 5,000 years ago to the digital world of today. The organization of information, and the investigation of the range of library holdings and digital resources, will be addressed and will naturally lead to an examination of the research process (which was the focus of the previous version of the course). Students will be introduced to print, non-print, and electronic sources as well as best practices in research investigation ? that is, how to locate and evaluate the best information on selected topics. Required course activities will include guest lectures, library visits, and team and individual projects (including a treasure hunt, oral presentations, and written assignments). Curiosity, persistence, and a sense of humor are prerequisites. Three lecture hours. Offered in the Spring Semester.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: HONR-503
  
  • HNR-202 - From Side Streets to Skyscrapers: the Literature of the City

    3 credits
    From the world of subways and skyscrapers, opportunities and outcasts, bright lights and dark alleys, come the varied voices of city literature. This honors course will examine images of the city in a variety of literary works, including poetry, short fiction, novels, and plays. We will explore concepts including the ways in which the city setting serves as a metaphor for its inhabitants, their struggles, and their successes. We will also explore how literature of the city, both past and present, confronts the unique experiences of, for example, the homeless, the unemployed, women, immigrants, and African-Americans. Students will be encouraged to participate in class discussions and will be required to write a variety of short responses and analytical essays on reading selections. As a final project for the course, students will write and present to the class a personal narrative about some aspect of a city that is significant in their lives, preferably Springfield, Holyoke, Chicopee, Worcester, Westfield, or some other area city that gives it its unique character and that connects to their own lives.

    Prerequisite(s): Acceptance into Honors program, and ENG-101 - English Composition 1 

    Course previously known as: HONR-507
  
  • HNR-203 - Humanities Colloquium: Arts in Action

    3 credits
    The Arts in Action colloquium is designed to illustrate to the student how the arts contribute actively to our daily lives, how they provide us with an enlightened sense of self, and how they enable us to understand the ongoing complexities of the human condition. This colloquium may focus on such areas as theater, music. dance, painting, and sculpture.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: HONR-504
  
  • HNR-204 - Social Science Colloquium: American Biography

    3 credits
    This is an interdisciplinary social science course with a historical and biographical focus. “Modern” is defined as circa 1815 to the present. We will study the famous, infamous and obscure. Women and men from the American experience will play a central role but not to the exclusion of pivotal figures from around the globe. Political matters often dominate, yet social, intellectual and cultural aspects-both elite and popular-will also receive due attention.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Behavioral and Social Sciences requirements.

    Course previously known as: HONR-506
  
  • HNR-205 - Humanities Colloquium: The Comic Spirit

    3 credits
    The Comic Spirit: Perspectives on Humor and Laughter, an Honors Program seminar, offers students a broad-based inquiry into the related concepts of comedy, humor and laughter. It approaches these subjects from a mostly literary (and mostly Western) perspective with close study of comic drama and fiction, but the course will also consider film and television, cartoons, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and the physiology of laughter. The goal of the course is to help students reach fuller and more complete answers to the questions: What is humor? What makes people laugh? What makes something funny? Who decides? This course is restricted to students in the Honors Program.

    Prerequisite(s): ENG-102 

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: HONR-508
  
  • HNR-206 - Humanities Colloquium: Entrepreneurship: Concept to Commercialization

    3 credits
    This honors course provides direct theoretical and practical expertise in invention, innovation and entrepreneurship. It will utilize the E -Team concept to promote, enhance and support innovation through the use of guest speakers, workshops, lectures, field trips, laboratory experiments, professional advice and group dynamics. E -Teams will be comprised of students from a variety of disciplines that include business and technology. Student projects, centered on real-life designs and ideas will be discussed and evaluated by the E -teams. Emphasis is given to the students’ creativity and ingenuity culminating in a marketable innovation. Areas of special interest are: safety, adaptive (universal) design, comprehensive application, flexibility and environmental impact. Visits to various area businesses may also be a part of this course.

    Course previously known as: HONR-509
  
  • HNR-207 - Applications in Nanoscience

    3 credits
    The focus of this course is to provide a basic overview and survey of Nanoscience and Technology for the community college student. It examines the science behind what nanotechnology is, where it comes from, how it is used and what outcomes may be anticipated by its development. There are two tracks that will be followed; first how nano devices are created and second, how they are used. This new technology has opened the door to new vistas for many careers in studies such as medicine, manufacturing, engineering and agriculture. The class will include research application case studies and discussion sessions in group formats and power point presentations.

    Prerequisite(s): ALGB-097  completion with a C- or better or placement in college level mathematics and placement in ENG-101 , admissions to the Honors Program or permission of the instructor.

    Course previously known as: HONR-512
  
  • HNR-208 - Humanities Colloquium: Seeing Beyond Seeing

    3 credits
    Meaningful art, in any medium, can be a life-altering experience, but developing an open mind as to what constitutes art requires practice. This course will challenge the preconceived ideas of art that we form from childhood to adulthood by pushing students to expand their own views of art, and reexamining the critical question of what art is. Through numerous field trips to local and regional museums and galleries, students will explore and investigate how they see and experience art. We will probe the social, cultural, economic, and political meanings found in art and photography, and carefully consider the important role of the contemporary artist and photographer and how they help form our pervasive visual culture today. Students will be expected to engage in philosophical and theoretical discussions during weekly colloquia. Assignments will include short readings and written response papers, a midterm paper, and final research project with a public presentation component. No previous art experience is necessary.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.


Interdisciplinary Health Studies

  
  • HCAR-110 - Health Directions Seminar

    3 credits
    This is a fundamental course which introduces the student to basic health concepts, study skills and basic communication in the field of health. The focus is planned to provide a basis for cognitive career exploration and critical thinking.

  
  • HCAR-115 - Health and Wellness

    3 credits
    An introductory health and wellness course that explores the basic components of a healthy lifestyle including healthy behavior, nutrition, exercise, relationships, and environmental awareness.

    Prerequisite(s): DWT 099  and DRG 091  or placement at higher level.

  
  • HCAR-120 - Stress in Health and Disease

    2 credits
    This course will examine the historical medical perspectives and research on stress and disease in the 21st century. Students will learn the physiology of stress and its role in the development of disease. Stress reduction techniques and disciplines, which fight stress such as meditation, yoga, Tai Chi and Gigong, will be examined.

    Corequisite(s): HCAR-120L

  
  • HCAR-130 - Introduction to Patient Care Skills

    3 credits
    This course will employ a case based learning methodology through life sized simulation. Students will learn vital signs, sterile techniques, handling of body fluids, body mechanics, Cardio Pulmonary resuscitation (CPR), first aid, proper chart documentation, research techniques, professionalism, ethics, cultural diversity, communication skills and will explore a variety of job duties as related to health care occupations.

    Prerequisite(s): ENG-101  and ALGB-097  or higher level mathematics.

    Corequisite(s): HCAR-130L

  
  • HCAR-300 - Current Issues Across the Continuum of Care

    3 credits
    This course addresses the issues facing physical therapist assistant and occupational therapy assistant students in different clinical settings. Topics include but are not limited to legal/ethical issues, licensure laws/practice acts, reimbursement, CQI, employer/employee relationships, documentation and collaboration with other disciplines.

  
  • HCAR-350 - Pathological Conditions

    3 credits
    This course presents the tissue changes resulting from trauma, disease, and degenerative processes. The course acquaints the student with the orthopedic, neurological and general medical/surgical conditions encountered in treating patients.

    Prerequisite(s): BIOL-132  or BIOL-148 ;

  
  • HCAR-430 - Complementary Medical Therapy

    2 credits
    A look at the history of the delivery of medicine and the medical paradigm shift from ancient natural healing systems to modern scientific medicine. Students will study the theories of a variety of complementary health modalities including Chinese Medicine, Ayurvedic Medicine, and Ancient Greco-Roman medical systems, Naturopathy, Herbal Medicine and Homeopathy.

  
  • HCAR-900 - Directed Study - HCAR

    3 credits
    Projects for advanced individual study by special arrangement with the instructor and approval of the Department and School Chairpersons. Students are expected to demonstrate willingness and ability to work on their own with minimal assistance.

  
  • HCAR-901 - Directed Study - HCAR

    1 credits
    Projects for advanced individual study by special arrangement with the instructor and approval of the Department and School Chairpersons. Students are expected to demonstrate willingness and ability to work on their own with minimal assistance.


Interdisciplinary Technology Studies

  
  • INTD-100 - Essentials for Engineering Technologies

    3 credits
    This course prepares the student for Engineering Technologies curriculum with the essential building blocks of computer technology, basic knowledge, skills, and experience necessary for engineering technologies. Fundamentals of computing including hardware, software, Internet, and problem-solving necessary for engineering curricula will be presented in an accessible manner and will include lab applications to reinforce concepts.


Integrative Health Care/Massage Therapy

  
  • INHC-110 - Massage Techniques 1

    5 credits
    An introduction to the field of therapeutic massage practice- Topics covered include but are not limited to the history theory, physiology, application and technical applications of relaxation massage. Issues of ethics and professionalism, draping , licensure and self-care are addressed. Students will learn to perform the relaxation massage treatment of the front of the body.

    Corequisite(s): INHC-110L

  
  • INHC-120 - Massage Terminology and Communication Skills

    1 credits
    The study of anatomical, medical and massage terminology related to the practice of Massage Therapy. This course will provide the student with a working knowledge of the terminology used in therapeutic massage, record keeping and in interfacing with medical professionals as part of a health care team in clinical massage practice. Students will learn appropriate communications skills to use with clients and health care professionals.

  
  • INHC-130 - Massage Theory and Practice 1

    5 credits
    The course would introduce the theory of relaxation massage as a tool for health and wellness. Students will study the physiology, applications, indications and contraindications of traditional Swedish Massage practice, including Seated Massage. Assessment skills for the massage therapist, treatment planning and clinical practicum will be included. Ethical considerations in the practice of massage will be examined. A 6-hour lab is also required with this course.

  
  • INHC-210 - Massage Techniques 2

    5 credits
    A more in depth study of the physiology of massage techniques and their effects on the body systems. The effect of massage applications on the primary systems of the body, contraindications and benefits of treatment to each system are explored. Students complete training in the full body relaxation massage, seated massage, sporting event massage and reflexology applications. Issues in professional and boundaries in treatment are continued.

    Corequisite(s): INHC-210L

  
  • INHC-221 - Introduction to Clinical Internship

    1 credits
    This course prepares the student for working with clients in the STCC Student Massage Clinic. Students learn the importance of professionalism in the client therapist relationship, communication, intake and assessment skills. Time management, client scheduling and maintaining treatment records are highlighted. Students will perform several relaxation massage treatments under the supervision of the instructor.

    Prerequisite(s): INHC-110 

  
  • INHC-250 - Clinical Practicum in Massage Therapy

    3 credits
    The student will review and practice communication, assessment, and treatment planning skills as well as record keeping skills in a clinical environment. Twenty-four therapeutic massage treatments will be performed at a supervised on-site clinical setting.

    Prerequisite(s): INHC-130 

  
  • INHC-301 - Muscle Structure and Function

    4 credits
    A study of the musculo-skeletal system with emphasis on the structure and functions of muscle tissue in the body. Demonstration of the Knowledge of the Origin, Insertion, Action and patterning of muscle fiber directions for all the major muscles of the body will be required. Students will construct the major muscles on a skeletal model for a kinesthetic and visual awareness of how to apply massage techniques appropriately.

    Prerequisite(s): INHC-110 ;

    Corequisite(s): INHC-301

  
  • INHC-310 - Massage Techniques 3

    5 credits
    A study of deep tissue, rehabilitative and orthopedic approaches to massage therapy treatment for the appendicular portion of the musculo-skeletal system. Information on the etiology, assessment and treatment planning for orthopedic injuries that are indicated for treatment with rehabilitative massage modalities is presented.

    Corequisite(s): INHC-310L

  
  • INHC-321 - Clinical Internship I

    2 credits
    This course gives students an opportunity to put the skills they have learned in their first year of study into practice in the on campus rehabilitation clinic. The supervised student clinic provides experience in performance of business and technical duties necessary for the successful operation of a massage business. The clinic is open to the public two afternoons a week.

    Prerequisite(s): INHC-210 ;

  
  • INHC-340 - Rehabilitative Massage

    5 credits
    This course will introduce the student to the use of advance massage protocols for treating specific musculoskeletal injuries and chronic pain conditions. Muscle palpation skills, deep tissue and trigger point modalities will be highlighted. Students will integrate the advanced techniques with relaxation massage to design effective full body massage treatments. A Capstone presentation integrating all of the students’ skills and knowledge will be highlighted.

    Prerequisite(s): INHC-110 ;

    Corequisite(s): INHC-210 

  
  • INHC-360 - Professional Practices in the Business Of Massage

    3 credits
    This course provides students with knowledge of the varied aspects and operation of massage employment in the spa, health care, corporate or spa environments or solo practice. The unique aspects of ethics involved in both client and professional relationships are discussed as aspects of clinical and business environments. Students write a business plan as preparation for starting a private practice.

    Corequisite(s):  

  
  • INHC-400 - Massage Techniques 4

    5 credits
    A continuation of the training in deep tissue, rehabilitative and orthopedic approaches to massage therapy treatment. Treatment protocols are introduced for the axial portion of the musculo-skeletal system. The history of Hydrotherapy and spa treatments its applications in therapeutic massage are presented. Students receive Level I Reiki Training. A Capstone technical evaluation integrating all the modalities learned in the program is performed.

    Corequisite(s): INHC-400L

  
  • INHC-412 - Oriental Bodywork

    2 credits
    This course will introduce the student to concepts of East Asian Medicine as it applies to bodywork. The student will learn a full body treatment protocol to perform a beginning level treatment using the principles and techniques of Shiatsu.

    Corequisite(s): INHC-412L

  
  • INHC-421 - Clinical Internship II

    2 credits
    This course gives students an opportunity to put the skills they have learned in their three semesters of study into practice in the on campus rehabilitation clinic. The supervised student clinic provides experience in performance of business and technical duties necessary for the successful operation of a massage business. The clinic is open to the public two afternoons a week.

  
  • INHC-900 - Directed Study Massage Therapy

    4 credits
    Projects for advanced individual study by special arrangement with the instructor and approval of the Department and School Chairpersons. Students are expected to demonstrate willingness and ability to work on their own with minimal assistance.

  
  • INHC-901 - Directed Study - Massage Therapy

    6 credits
    Projects for advanced individual study by special arrangement with the instructor and approval of the Department and School Chairpersons. Students are expected to demonstrate willingness and ability to work on their own with minimal assistance.


Innovations

  
  • INVT-150 - Exploring Innovation for the 21st Century

    3 credits
    This course provides direct theoretical and practical expertise in innovation and design. It will utilize the E-Team concept to promote, enhance and support innovation through the use of guest speakers, field studies, design, prototyping, professional advice and group dynamics. E-Teams will be comprised of students from a variety of disciplines. Student design projects, centered on real-life existing products and designs, will be used to address the relationship between Art and Engineering. Emphasis is give to the students’ creativity and ingenuity culminating in a marketable innovation. Areas of special interest are: safety, adaptive (universal) design, comprehensive application, flexibility and environmental impact. Visits to various area businesses may also be a part of this course.

    Prerequisite(s): DWT-099  (minimum grade of C-) or placement at college-level English and placement at ALGB-097 .


Italian

  
  • ITL-101 - Elementary Italian 1

    3 credits
    This is an introductory course for students with little or no previous background in Italian. Correct pronunciation of Italian sounds, basic listening comprehension and speaking exercises along with basic grammar, vocabulary, reading, reading comprehension and writing of simple sentences and a short paragraph are introduced in this course through lecture and multimedia format. The history, customs, traditions and culture of Italy will also be explored.

    Prerequisite(s): Placement at ENG-101  or its equivalent or permission of the instructor.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: ITAL-127
  
  • ITL-102 - Elementary Italian 2

    3 credits
    This is a continuation of Elementary Italian 1. Grammar, reading, writing a short essay in Italian and continued development of listening and speaking skills are emphasized. Italian culture is further explored and use of electronic messaging with native Italian speakers is an integral part of the course.

    Prerequisite(s): ITL-101  (grade of C or higher), one year of high school Italian, placement at ITL-102, or permission of instructor.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: ITAL-227
  
  • ITL-201 - Intermediate Italian 1

    3 credits
    Students review and continue to develop grammar structures introduced in Elementary Italian 1 and 2. Vocabulary, reading comprehension of more advanced selections, listening comprehension and conversational skills are expanded in this course through lecture, classroom discussions and multimedia format. Writing paragraphs and compositions using grammar introduced in the class, proper sentence structure, and time expression is covered in class. Students will research various topics and present reports to the class on various cultural themes. Classes are conducted in Italian.

    Prerequisite(s): ITL-102  (grade of C or higher), two years of high school Italian, placement at ITL-201, or permission of instructor.

    Mass Transfer Block: Credits earned in this course are counted towards the MassTransfer Block Humanities and Fine Arts requirements.

    Course previously known as: ITAL-327

Landscape Design and Management Technology

  
  • LAND-111 - Trees in Landscape

    4 credits
    A course dealing in tree identification and use, as related to landscape work. Important types, both native and introduced, are discussed. Limited to trees generally hardy in the New England area. Representative types are discussed during laboratory sessions. Lectures deal with general topics concerning tree use. Field trips, both on and off campus are used to view the trees discussed. Three one-hour lectures, and one three-hour lab.

    Corequisite(s): LAND-111L

  
  • LAND-120 - Principles of Horticulture

    3 credits
    A basic course in general horticulture, introducing the student to the fundamentals of plant growth factors including soils, insects and diseases, and plant production techniques. The lectures cover the theoretical aspects of horticulture and the laboratories are used for hands-on work with plant in the greenhouse as well as field trips to horticultural businesses that employ graduates. Two one-hour lectures, one three-hour lab.

    Corequisite(s): LAND-120L

  
  • LAND-210 - Presentation Techniques

    3 credits
    A course in mechanical drafting, stressing the media and techniques commonly used in the preparation of landscape plans. The use of instruments, lettering and line techniques is covered first, followed by the development of isometric and perspective drawings. Working in three-dimensions is stressed, so that the student may best visualize spatial relationships in future landscape design courses.

 

Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11